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Sample translations submitted: 2
English to Thai: Department of Internal Trade Annual Report (Fiscal Year 2013) General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Government / Politics
1) Work of the Trade Competition Commission
• Organized 2 Trade Competition Commission Meetings
- The Trade Competition Commission Meeting 1/2013 on 10 January 2013
- The Trade Competition Commission Meeting 2/2013 on 6 June 2013
• Appointed 4 Sub-Committees in place of the Sub-Committees that have ended their terms
• Considered 6 complaints submitted to the OTCC
• Considered the establishment of criteria for the Sub-Committee on Defining the Criteria for Business Combination.
2) The Criteria for Business Operator with Market Domination
In accordance with the announcement of the Trade Competition Commission on 28 January 2007 the substance of the criteria are as follows
(๑) A business operator in any specific product or service market that, in the previous year, have a market share of at least 50 percent and a total sales revenue of at least 1 billion Baht; or
(๒) The top three business operators in any specific product or service market that, in the previous year, have a total market share of at least 75 percent and have total sales revenue of at least 1 billion Baht.
The criteria shall not be enforced on a business operator that has a market share of less than 10 percent or total sales revenue of less than 1 billion Baht in the previous year
Current Developments
The Trade Competition Commission appointed a Specialized Sub-Committee for Defining the Criteria for Business Operator with Market Domination to undertake the consideration and review of the Criteria
With regard to the market share and total sales criteria, the impact on business operators were taken into consideration, including the impact on the medium sized and small business operators. The criteria were also considered in accordance with the expected growth in market size resulted from the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community. It was viewed that strict criteria may negatively affect the competitiveness of Thai businesses.
3) Criteria for Business Combination
The Trade Competition Commission approved the Criteria for Business Combination on 6 June 2013, as follows: (Presently not published in the Royal Thai Government Gazette)
1) Have a market share of at least 30 percent and total sales revenue/income of at least 2 billion Baht in any specific product or service market prior to or after business combination.
2) The purchase or acquisition, at one time or in accumulation, of stocks with voting rights with at least 25 percent share in the case of a public company and at least 50 percent share in the case of limited company;
One or Both business operators combine to have a market share of at least 30 percent and a total sales revenue/ income of at least 2 billion Baht in the previous year in any specific product or service market.
The above criteria apply to general business operators in Thailand. However, it must be published in the Royal Thai Government Gazette before entering into force.
Current Developments
The Specialized Sub-Committee on Defining the Criteria for Business Combination is in the process of drafting:
1) Guidelines on Business Merger in accordance with Section 26 to enable administrative officers and business operators that wish to request approval for business mergers to have a correct and mutual understanding on the procedures and practices for requesting approval for business combination and on the consideration procedures regarding the impacts that could result from business combination. The guidelines will help build confidence and transparency of the process, which would result in a fast, accurate, and efficient procedure.
2) Business Merger Approval Request Form with details for filling out the form.
4) The Monitoring of Wholesale and Retail Businesses
• The Monitoring of Trade Practices
- Monitor Modern Trade Business operators to compete freely and fairly in accordance with the Competition Act B.E. 2542
• Organize activities in cooperation with Modern Trade business operators to lower the cost of living for the general public, as follows:
- “Back to School” School Uniforms, Stationeries, and Study Equipments.
- Commerce Day Organized during 16 – 21 August 2013 to enable consumers to purchase essential consumers products through a channel that is convenient and easily accessible, at a lower than normal price. More than 10,000 consumer products were available with set price of between 10%-70% of normal price.
- Stabilized the price of Ready-to-Eat food in food centers of Shopping malls and Wholesale /Retail Stores by having these food centers provide Ready-to-Eat food at a price set no higher than the suggested price under the Announcement of the Office of Central Committee on Goods and Services Prices B.E. 2555 (2012).
- Low-priced Ready to Eat Food Project
• Job Fair
- In cooperation with CP All Public Company Limited, the Development of Thai Retailers Association, and the Panyapiwat Institute of Technology, the OTCC organized 4 grocery stores seminars on the topic of “Sustainable wealth through grocery stores” in Suratthani, Nakhon Pathom, Suphan Buri, and Ayutthaya, to educate and enable grocery store operators to adapt to change and operate their stores in a secure and sustainable manner.
• Establishing cooperation on agricultural productivity (MOU)
- Organized the Memorandum of Understanding signing ceremony between the Ministry of Commerce, Big C Super Center Public Company Limited, and Siam Makro Public Company Limited to jointly promote the purchasing and distributing of fruits, vegetables ,as well as OTOP products to help support Thai farmers during the month of January and April of 2013.
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5) Public Relations and Capacity Building Activities
Organized training programmess and seminars to build knowledge and understanding in the area of Trade Competition for government agencies, private sector, and educational institutions. The OTCC also provide telephone consultation services to prevent trade competition practices that may violate trade competition laws and regulations on
Seminars/Capacity building on Trade Competition Laws: the Organization, Operation, and roles.
• Capacity Building for Business Operators
- Organized 2 classes of Capacity Building for Business Operators with a total number of 90 participants.
• Capacity Building for Government Agencies
- Capacity Building for the Department of Special Investigation (DSI)
• Capacity Building for Educational Institutions/ Agencies
- Capacity Building Programme on Trade Competition for Educational Institutions
A total number of 1,100 participants.
- Capacity Building session with over 300 participants.
• Arranged MoUs for academic cooperation on trade competition with educational institutions, as follows:
• Publications : Monthly Pamphlets : World View Pamphlets …Competition 10 copies
4.3 Complaints
1) Case: “The prohibition of Sub Agent to sell competitors’ products”
Company A is a distributor with market domination of a product, prohibits Sub Agents, who originally were able to sell products of other business operators, from selling competitors’ products. Company A set a condition for Sub Agents such that if the Sub Agent wish to sell Company A’s products, it must be sold at the price specified by Company A and must not sell the products of the competitors. If the Sub Agent cannot strictly follow the set conditions, Company A will stop supplying its products to the Sub Agent, which incurred damages to the Sub Agent, such as loss of customers, loss of revenues, and higher logistics costs.
Trade practices that may have violated Section 25 : Abuse of Dominant Position : 25(1) – (4) and Trade practices that may have violated Section 29 : Unfair Trade Practices.
2) Case: “Product Tying”
In an oligopoly market, Company A, who is a business operator with market domination, forced tying sales by setting a condition which buyers must purchase product B to accompany the purchase of Product A.
Trade practices that may have violated Section 25 : Abuse of Dominant Position : 25(2)
3) Case: “Trade Obstruction”
- Company A used its considerable market power over other business operators to negotiate with shopping malls and set an agreement that if Company A rent a space in the shopping mall, Company B must not operate in that shopping mall.
- Company A made an advertisement board with an intention of diminishing the reputation of Company B, which is not in line with free and fair trade competition.
These trade practices may have violated Section 25(4) and 29.
4) Case: “Price Collusion”
- A group of small buyers complained that an association which is an intermediary has set a condition that all dealers or distributors must charge the same rate of commission which is unfair to small buyers.
These trade practices may have violated Section 27(1)
In order for practices to be deemed illicit, it must contain the following elements:
(1) Business operators colluded in any way to monopolize, reduce, or limit competition in any given product or service market.
(2) Have set the same price or an agreed price for products or services, or set the quantity of products or services to be sold/ provided.
(3) With intention
4.4 Developing International Cooperation on Competition
The development in cooperation on competition law and policy is vital to both the domestic and international trade and investment systems, since business operations have become more complex and economic expansions have generated an increasing level of international trade and investment. To keep pace with such change, the Office of Trade Competition Commission (OTCC), as a competition authority, have endeavor to develop international relations on competition, both at the multilateral level such as the OECD, ICN, APEC, and UNCTAD, and relations with other competition authorities and international supporting organizations in the area of competition law and policy. In 2013 the OTCC have carried out activities to develop international relations, as follows:
1. Cooperation with International Organizations on Competition
Thailand is currently 1 of the 5 ASEAN countries to have competition laws, which was established in 1999, and have been continuously developed in conjunction with international cooperation, such as the inclusion of a competition chapter under various Free Trade Areas (FTA) e.g. the Japan – Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement (2008), the Thailand India Free Trade Agreement (2008), and the Thailand – EU Free Trade Agreement (Ongoing negotiations). In 2013, the OTCC and the German International Cooperation (GIZ), an international organization that provides support on the development of trade competition, agreed to establish an MoU to promote the development of competition laws and policies in accordance with the realization of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015.and to keep up with the changes in how the present-day businesses operate.
2. Participation in International Forums, Training, and Workshops
• The OTCC continuously and actively participates in cooperation frameworks on competition with international organizations, cooperates with competition authorities of other countries, and have sent representatives to participate in numerous international forums e.g. the OECD, APEC, and the ASEAN Experts Group on Competition (AEGC).
• Capacity building on competition law and policy and experience sharing between competition authorities. The OTCC assigned representatives to workshops organized by competition authorities e.g. the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC), the Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) /OECD and the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission (FTC) /APEC
3. Organized Meetings and Seminars on Competition Law and policy
• The OTCC and the ASEAN Secretariat jointly organized the workshop on “Concluding Meeting of WG Regional Core Competencies” in Bangkok during 28 – 29 November 2012 to conclude the development of ASEAN Regional Core Competencies Manual (RCC Manual).
• The OTCC, in cooperation with the GIZ and the ASEAN Secretariat, organized the 3rd Meeting of WG Regional Advocacy in Bangkok during 10 – 11 October 2013. These was an ASEAN workshop for establishing an ASEAN Competition Website (The AEGC Website) that will enable general public to access information on competition law and policy and receive updated competition news and information of ASEAN Member Countries. The website can also be used to support the economic, trade, and investment expansion within ASEAN as well as outside of ASEAN. The website was officially launched during The 12th ASEAN Experts Group on Competition (AEGC) Meeting held in Philippines during November 2013
• The OTCC will be hosting the 13th and 14th ASEAN Experts Group on Competition (AEGC) Meeting in March and November 2014 respectively, to conclude the outcomes and monitor the progress on the implementation of the operational plan in accordance with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community 2015.
English to Thai: A Fascinating Experience in Sri Lanka General field: Other Detailed field: Tourism & Travel
Source text - English ความประทับใจ ณ ศรีลังกา
12-16 มิถุนายน 2557
Translation - Thai A Fascinating Experience in Sri Lanka
12-16 June 2014
As the plane crossed into the Sri Lankan sky, my first view was of a lush green island filled with trees of all sizes, perfectly contrasted with the soft shade of green of the rice fields. There were no tall buildings, only small country houses. Numerous rivers were clearly visible as they curved through the green forest lines. As the plane descended, large coconut gardens surrounding the airport could be seen waving playfully as if to invite every traveler to enjoy the beauty that is Sri Lanka.
I stepped off the plane with great curiosities regarding Sri Lanka, how could a country look so green and natural from the sky? And from personal research, the island of Sri Lanka possess over two centuries of community history , has been mentioned during the Indian epic period of Mahabharata, and possesses the Rama’s bridge linking India and Sri Lanka. The profound Buddhism connection between India, Sir Lanka, and Thailand makes one wonders how countries so far apart with no connecting borders could be so deeply bonded by Buddhism. As a Thai national, the knowledge that Thai Buddhist monks have reestablished Buddhism in Sri Lanka made me evermore curious with the country.
The first day of Journey visited the Dambulla cave temple, the city’s principle temple which was also the first temple to have promoted Buddhism through radio and television media throughout the world. In this temple, there is an ancient cave temple located at the top of a mountain. The building of shrines inside caves to perform religious practices was widely popularized in Sri Lanka since the 2nd and 3rd century of the Buddhist era, as Buddhist monks migrated to southern and western parts of India to evade wars and invasions from other religions. Thus, there are widespread architectural works of cave temples in southern and western India, such as Aurangabad. However, upon seeing the Buddhist cave temple in Dambulla, one could not help but feel that the temple was not built for ascetic practices by Buddhist monks, due to the numerous images of Buddha, statue of kings, and pagodas erected throughout the temple, which gives out an air of a place open to the general public for the purpose of worshipping rather than a peaceful place for monks’ ascetic practices to end sufferings in accordance with the Buddha teachings, unlike the Ajanta and Ellora cave temples in Aurangabad.
To my surprise, what I found to be most touching from the visit of the cave temple in Dambulla was the Sri Lankan people who traveled to pay homage to images of Buddha at the cave, everyone carried a glowing smile, their eyes were sparkling, full of amity and kindness. They were hospitable and always ready to help foreign tourists. Furthermore, their utmost respect for Buddhism were naturally shown, from taking their shoes off at the temple’s gate to walking up to the cave blissfully, making Thai people such as ourselves comfortable and feeling welcomed. Their civility and amiability ensured us that our next day in Sri Lanka would be full of friendship, fraternity, and security.
The second day of journey visited the renowned Sigiriya Sky Palace, famous for its excellence in urban planning, garden landscape, irrigation system, paintings, artworks, and its people’s tremendous intellect during some 1,500 years ago. What is intriguing about Sigiriya is that it is a large palace surrounded by a man made canal and fortresses to prevent enemies from invading into the enormous area surrounding the palace complex that includes plains at the mountain foot, the hills, and the plains at the summit of the Sigiriya Rock. Lodgings, leisure areas and relaxation areas, both at the base and atop the mountain, are located in the same area. The palace consists of plains surrounding the mountain base, the mid mountain area, and the plains at the summit. These are divided into two parts, the first is the drought season lodges, built tidily along the mountain foot and designed and decorated to suit the weather conditions of the drought season. The castle, palace complex, and the lodgings of the King and his servants contain beautifully designed water gardens with fountains and gardens along the mountain terraces. There is an audience hall carved from rock boulder and an ascending path to the summit of Sigiriya, where the sky palace is located. I was especially impressed by their technology in siphoning water, for example, when the rock pool at the summit became full, a drain can be opened up to siphon water to the fountains located at the lower section of the mountain, it was design excellence, a perfect blend of utility, living, and splendor.
Afternoon Visited Anuradhapura, I was captivated by the Bodhi tree brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta, the daughter of Emperor Asoka, from the historical Bodhi tree Sri Maha Bodhi in India under which Lord Buddha attained Enlightenment. The Bodhi tree in Sri Lanka is majestic and still thriving after all these years, it is heartening that the tree is surrounded by its flourishing descendants, both big and small in accordance with time, it is as if the trees were narrating their long journey in safely arriving in Sri Lanka and propagated its line as a result of the great and unrelenting faith in Buddhism of the Sri Lankan people. This is something that has to be witnessed first-hand and you will be captivated by the numerous Bodhi trees with varying age but are all descendants of one mother Bodhi tree that was brought to Sri Lanka from India.
The third and fourth day of journey paid respect to the sacred tooth relic at the Sri Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic), but did not enter into the temple. I will mention only the things that I have seen, I was thoroughly impressed with the sustainability of the temple, as the Sri Lankan people was able to maintain the old wall that was built since the establishment of the temple, in excellent condition and did not allow their highly respected property to deteriorate with time despite the historical fact that Sri Lanka has been colonized by numerous nations. Other demonstrations regarding the Sri Lankan people’s devotion and care to Buddhism include the well-kept 86 years old stuffed remains of Raja, the elephant that carried the sacred casket at the Esala Perahehra and the fact that many Sri Lankan people brought their new-born babies to ask for blessings from the sacred tooth relic. In this connection, young Sri Lankan girls would offer rice milk, to the sacred tooth relic; the rice milk would be delicately made by hand, covered by a white cloth, and topped by a hand-woven flower garland. This offering of the rice milk could be taken up or eaten by anyone. Furthermore, as I walked past a corner of the building, I saw Sri Lankan people peacefully performing walking meditation, although I did not get an opportunity to see the sacred tooth relic, I was very impressed with the Sri Lankan people courteously carrying out their daily duties associated with highly respected Buddhist property.
Afternoon traveled to Waskaduwa beach, the most captivating thing was not the beach itself as Thai beaches are more beautiful, but the little things along the way were the real attraction of Waskaduwa. The road to the Waskaduwa beach is a shopper’s paradise, along both sides of the entire route were filled with fruit farms, basketries, potteries, and cashew nut gardens where the nuts are big, crisp, and delicious. The bay along the beach was full of Sri Lankan fishing boats, waterfowls, beach lotus ponds that was impacted by the tsunami, and the beach where big waves crashes onto the Spanish fortress in Galle, can be beautiful and terrifying to watch yet exhilarating at the same time as you wonder whether the next wave will be bigger than the last one. It was unfortunate that I didn’t get to visit Sri Lanka’s most beautiful beach as it is on the opposite side to our tourism route. My other regret was my lack of opportunity to appreciate the daily life of fishermen, which would have been one of the most interesting tour itineraries for Sri Lanka as all Sri Lankan people are associated with the sea since they were born.
Fourth day of Journey After a stop-over in Galle as described earlier, one of the interesting thing I saw during the return trip was the climbing of coconut palms by the Sri Lankan people to fill bamboo flasks with dew of inflorescences, which will then be used to make Sri Lankan wine and spirits. The coconut palms are extremely tall and the climber had to tie a rope between coconut palms’ tips, enabling him to walk on the rope between the two tips until he finished filling the flasks with inflorescence dews, it was very fascinating as I have never seen this in Thailand and probably will not get to see it anywhere else but Sri Lanka. It was a shame that we didn’t get to see the coconut palm climbing first-hand.
I then traveled to Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. The capital was fittingly modern, tidy, and well organized, but due to the short span of time I had to spend there, I was impressed with only one thing, which was the government center and the Parliament of Sri Lanka, which were located in a very large park. It was very heartening and in stark contrast to the ones on Thailand and India where they were located in the city center, without such beautiful atmosphere and greenery.
I continued my trip with a visit to the Gangarama temple, and must admit thatI wasn’t impressed by these large temples due to the fact that they are filled with large Buddha images everywhere and thus, not much peace could be found inside these temples. What I would rather see was temples that are full of trees, Sri Lankan people meditating, and walking meditating, is there such temple in Sri Lanka?
I left Sri Lanka with an intention to return , to see the things that I have missed during this trip, whether it were the life of fishermen, the most beautiful beach in Sri Lanka, Blowhole in Tangalle, the underwater corals, Whales and dolphin watching, Sri Lankan traditional dance, herb gardens, and to witness how great the Sri Lanka’s renowned natural parks actually are, as Sri Lanka is an island that should possess many exotic plant varieties. More importantly, Sri Lanka is an island that has existed for many thousands of years, the numerous varieties of plants here will have their own specific reproduction, and those that have been brought in from foreign land will spread their lines without mixing with the wide variety of plants that existed in the mainland. It is quite fascinating when you think of it, and one wonders how it has panned out, for example, is there a place in Sri Lanka that has remain unchanged throughout these thousands of years?........somebody please retort my curiosity.
There are 75 million years old fossil shell beaches in Thailand, does Sri Lanka have something similar? Our tour guide told me that there is a plant similar to blady grass which could be found on beaches, firmly planted into the ground and securing the land so as to not drift out to the ocean. It is strange that we have not found any mangrove forests in Sri Lanka, and the plant that securing the beaches in Thailand are morning glories which are different to the cogon grass our tour guide pointed to on the beach that was swept over by the tsunami.
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Master's degree - University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
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Years of experience: 15. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2012.